Free app reveals drink sugar content

The app scans barcodes of thousands of food and drink products to reveal total sugar content

Parents are being urged to sign up for a free app which tells them the sugar content of food and drink.

The "sugar smart app", from Public Health England, works by scanning barcodes and revealing total sugar in cubes or grams.

Officials hope it will help combat tooth decay, obesity and type two diabetes and encourage families to choose healthier alternatives.

PHE says young children are eating three times more than the sugar limit.

Its new Change4Life advertising campaign, which includes the sugar app, suggests that on average children aged four to ten years old are consuming 22kg of added sugar a year.

That's about 5,500 sugar cubes - more than the weight of an average five-year-old child.

The app has been developed to raise awareness of how much sugar is contained in everyday food and drink.

It works on more than 75,000 products, offering a quick guide to help parents to assess potential purchases that may harm their children's health.

A small carton of juice can contain more than five cubes of sugar

How much sugar?

• a can of cola - nine cubes of sugar

• a chocolate bar - six cubes of sugar

• a small carton of juice - more than five cubes of sugar

Will you use it? Your reaction

Dr Alison Tedstone, chief nutritionist from Public Health England, said children were having too much sugar in their diets and this was leading to painful tooth decay, weight gain and the potential for serious health problems in later life.

Overweight and obese adults are more at risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.

"If there's one thing I'd strongly encourage parents to do, and that's to swap sugary drinks out of their kids' diets for either a low-sugar drink or water or low-fat milk, which would be a really excellent choice."

She also said people might be surprised to discover the sugar contents, for example, of some yogurts and fruit drinks.

Sugar traps

• In the UK, we consume over two million tonnes of sugar every year, but we don't always know we're eating it.

• Extra sugar is added to some savoury foods, like low-fat yoghurt and wholemeal bread, because it makes them taste better.

How much sugar is hiding in your food?

PHE has previously said it supported a sugar tax to help people cut down on the sugar they eat.

It has also called for reduced marketing of sugary food and drinks towards children in stores, on TV and online as well as fewer price promotions on sugar-laden products.

The sugar smart app is free to download from app stores.

Daily recommended sugar limits

• Four to six year olds - five sugar cubes or 19g

• Seven to ten year olds - six sugar cubes or 24g

• 11 year olds and above - seven sugar cubes or 30g

New elements added to periodic table

Kosuke Morita led the Japanese team at the Riken Institute

Four chemical elements have been formally added to the periodic table, completing the scheme's seventh row.

They are the first to be included in the table since 2011, when elements 114 and 116 were added.

The first true iteration of the table was produced in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.

The new additions were formally verified by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on 30 December 2015.

The body announced that a team of Russian and American researchers had provided sufficient evidence to claim the discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118.

IUPAC awarded credit for the discovery of element 113 to a Japanese team at the Riken Institute.

The teams responsible for the discoveries have been invited to come up with permanent names and chemical symbols for the now-confirmed elements.

"The chemistry community is eager to see its most cherished table finally being completed down to the seventh row. IUPAC has now initiated the process of formalising names and symbols for these elements," said Prof Jan Reedijk, president of the inorganic chemistry division of IUPAC.

New elements can be named after a mythological concept, a mineral, a place or country, a property or a scientist.

After the responsible IUPAC division accepts the new names and two-letter symbols, they will be presented for public review for five months.

The chemistry organisation's council will then make a final decision.

Winners Of Project Fame

Winner -  Jeff
1st Runner Up - Pearl
2nd Runner Up - Anderson
3rd Runner Up - Ada

History Of Robot

INTRODUCTION

Robot, computer-controlled machine that is programmed to move, manipulate objects, and accomplish work while interacting with its environment. Robots are able to perform repetitive tasks more quickly, cheaply, and accurately than humans. The term robot originates from the Czech word robota, meaning “compulsory labor.” It was first used in the 1921 play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Capek. The word robot has been used since to refer to a machine that performs work to assist people or work that humans find difficult or undesirable.
EARLY HISTORY OF ROBOTS
The concept of automated machines dates to antiquity with myths of mechanical beings brought to life. Automata, or humanlike machines, also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and 18th-century watchmakers were famous for their clever mechanical creatures.
Feedback (self-correcting) control mechanisms were used in some of the earliest robots and are still in use today. An example of feedback control is a watering trough that uses a float to sense the water level. When the water falls past a certain level, the float drops, opens a valve, and releases more water into the trough. As the water rises, so does the float. When the float reaches a certain height, the valve is closed and the water is shut off.
The first true feedback controller was the Watt governor, invented in 1788 by the Scottish engineer James Watt. This device featured two metal balls connected to the drive shaft of a steam engine and also coupled to a valve that regulated the flow of steam. As the engine speed increased, the balls swung out due to centrifugal force, closing the valve. The flow of steam to the engine was decreased, thus regulating the speed.
Feedback control, the development of specialized tools, and the division of work into smaller tasks that could be performed by either workers or machines were essential ingredients in the automation of factories in the 18th century. As technology improved, specialized machines were developed for tasks such as placing caps on bottles or pouring liquid rubber into tire molds. These machines, however, had none of the versatility of the human arm; they could not reach for objects and place them in a desired location.
The development of the multijointed artificial arm, or manipulator, led to the modern robot. A primitive arm that could be programmed to perform specific tasks was developed by the American inventor George Devol, Jr., in 1954. In 1975 the American mechanical engineer Victor Scheinman, while a graduate student at Stanford University in California, developed a truly flexible multipurpose manipulator known as the Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm (PUMA). PUMA was capable of moving an object and placing it with any orientation in a desired location within its reach. The basic multijointed concept of the PUMA is the template for most contemporary robots.

HOW ROBOTS WORK
Robotics
The inspiration for the design of a robot manipulator is the human arm, but with some differences. For example, a robot arm can extend by telescoping—that is, by sliding cylindrical sections one over another to lengthen the arm. Robot arms also can be constructed so that they bend like an elephant trunk. Grippers, or end effectors, are designed to mimic the function and structure of the human hand. Many robots are equipped with special purpose grippers to grasp particular devices such as a rack of test tubes or an arc-welder.
The joints of a robotic arm are usually driven by electric motors. In most robots, the gripper is moved from one position to another, changing its orientation. A computer calculates the joint angles needed to move the gripper to the desired position in a process known as inverse kinematics.
Some multijointed arms are equipped with servo, or feedback, controllers that receive input from a computer. Each joint in the arm has a device to measure its angle and send that value to the controller. If the actual angle of the arm does not equal the computed angle for the desired position, the servo controller moves the joint until the arm's angle matches the computed angle. Controllers and associated computers also must process sensor information collected from cameras that locate objects to be grasped, or they must touch sensors on grippers that regulate the grasping force.
Any robot designed to move in an unstructured or unknown environment will require multiple sensors and controls, such as ultrasonic or infrared sensors, to avoid obstacles. Robots, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) planetary rovers, require a multitude of sensors and powerful onboard computers to process the complex information that allows them mobility. This is particularly true for robots designed to work in close proximity with human beings, such as robots that assist persons with disabilities and robots that deliver meals in a hospital. Safety must be integral to the design of human service robots.
IV.USES FOR ROBOTS
Hospital Robot
 
More than 1 million robots are estimated to be in operation in the industrialized world. Many robot applications are for tasks that are either dangerous or unpleasant for human beings. In medical laboratories, robots handle potentially hazardous materials, such as blood or urine samples. In other cases, robots are used in repetitive, monotonous tasks in which human performance might degrade over time. Robots can perform these repetitive, high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fatigue. A major user of robots is the automobile industry. General Motors Corporation uses approximately 16,000 robots for tasks such as spot welding, painting, machine loading, parts transfer, and assembly. Assembly is one of the fastest growing industrial applications of robotics. It requires higher precision than welding or painting and depends on low-cost sensor systems and powerful inexpensive computers. Robots are used in electronic assembly where they mount microchips on circuit boards.
Activities in environments that pose great danger to humans, such as locating sunken ships, cleaning up nuclear waste, prospecting for underwater mineral deposits, and exploring active volcanoes, are ideally suited to robots. Similarly, robots can explore distant planets. NASA’s Galileo, an unpiloted space probe, traveled to Jupiter in 1996 and performed tasks such as determining the chemical content of the Jovian atmosphere. The robotic Mars Exploration rovers landed on Mars in 2003 and moved over the Martian surface for years, carrying out scientific examinations that they radioed back to Earth.
Explorer Robot
Robots are being used to assist surgeons in installing artificial hips, and very high-precision robots can assist surgeons with delicate operations on the human eye. Research in telesurgery uses robots that may one day perform operations in distant battlefields under the remote control of expert surgeons.
Remotely controlled robots are now used by the military. These include small terrestrial robots to disable bombs and flying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with powerful cameras for reconnaissance. Versions of such robots are also designed to use deadly force in military combat operations. Ground robots with cameras can carry machine guns fired remotely by an operator. UAVs equipped with bombs or missiles can strike targets from the air. Experts have raised concerns about giving future combat robots the ability to use force without direct uman control. Such robots could also be used by terrorists.
IMPACT OF ROBOTS
FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES
Robotic manipulators create manufactured products that are of higher quality and lower cost. But robots can cause the loss of unskilled jobs, particularly on assembly lines in factories. New jobs are created in software and sensor development, in robot installation and maintenance, and in the conversion of old factories and the design of new ones. These new jobs, however, require higher levels of skill and training. Technologically oriented societies must face the task of retraining workers who lose jobs to automation, providing them with new skills so that they can be employable in the industries of the 21st century.

Automated machines will increasingly assist humans in the manufacture of new products, the maintenance of the world's infrastructure, and the care of homes and businesses. Robots will be able to make new highways, construct steel frameworks of buildings, clean underground pipelines, and mow lawns. Prototypes of systems to perform all of these tasks already exist.
One important trend is the development of microelectromechanical systems, ranging in size from centimeters to millimeters. These tiny robots may be used to move through blood vessels to deliver medicine or clean arterial blockages. They also may work inside large machines to diagnose impending mechanical problems.
Perhaps the most dramatic changes in future robots will arise from their increasing ability to reason. The field of artificial intelligence is moving rapidly from university laboratories to practical application in industry, and machines are being developed that can perform cognitive tasks, such as strategic planning and learning from experience. Increasingly, diagnosis of failures in aircraft or satellites, the management of a battlefield, or the control of a large factory will be performed by intelligent computers.

History Of Osama Bin Laden

EARLY LIFE
Osama bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia, a country in the Middle East. His father owned a big construction company. Like most other Saudi Arabians, the bin Ladens were followers of Islam. People who follow Islam are called Muslims.
Young Osama embraced a special view of Islam. He accepted fundamentalist teachings. He believed that Muslims should live as they did when Islam began 14 centuries ago.
WHAT DID BIN LADEN WANT?
Bin Laden wanted to fight those who he saw as enemies of Muslims. In 1979, he got his chance. A communist country, the Soviet Union, invaded Afghanistan, a Muslim country. Bin Laden went to Afghanistan to fight the Soviets.
In 1988, while in Afghanistan, bin Laden founded a group called al-Qaeda. (Al-Qaeda is an Arabic phrase that means “the Base”.) Bin Laden wanted al-Qaeda to lead a jihad (holy war) against all nations that he considered to be against Islam.
In 1989, the Soviets left Afghanistan. Bin Laden returned to live in Saudi Arabia. Then in 1991, the United States led a war against the Muslim country of Iraq. During that war, the United States based troops in Saudi Arabia. Now bin Laden declared that the United States was the main enemy of Islam.
BIN LADEN AND TERRORISM
In 1992, bin Laden moved to Sudan, an African country ruled by Muslims. From there, he began to direct terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda. In a terrorist attack, individuals or small groups hurt or kill ordinary people. They do this to create fear among their enemies.
Bin Laden was accused of planning several big terrorist attacks over the next eight years. In 1993, a bomb damaged the World Trade Center in New York City. In 1996, terrorists blew up an apartment building in Saudi Arabia, where many Americans lived. In 1998, two U.S. embassies in Africa were bombed, killing hundreds of people. In 2000, an attack on the U.S. Navy ship Cole killed 17 sailors.
TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICAN SOIL
Then came al-Qaeda’s biggest terrorist attack of all. On September 11, 2001, a group of men hijacked four airplanes. They flew two of them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. Another crashed in Pennsylvania. The attacks killed about 3,000 people.
The United States struck back by bombing Afghanistan. That’s where bin Laden was hiding as a guest of the country’s ruling group. The bombing forced this group, the Taliban, to flee. But bin Laden was not found.

Osama bin Laden inherited great wealth from his family. A follower of the religion of Islam, bin Laden used his fortune to wage war against countries he saw as enemies of the Islamic religion.

History Of Osama Bin Laden

EARLY LIFE
Osama bin Laden was born in Saudi Arabia, a country in the Middle East. His father owned a big construction company. Like most other Saudi Arabians, the bin Ladens were followers of Islam. People who follow Islam are called Muslims.
Young Osama embraced a special view of Islam. He accepted fundamentalist teachings. He believed that Muslims should live as they did when Islam began 14 centuries ago.
WHAT DID BIN LADEN WANT?
Bin Laden wanted to fight those who he saw as enemies of Muslims. In 1979, he got his chance. A communist country, the Soviet Union, invaded Afghanistan, a Muslim country. Bin Laden went to Afghanistan to fight the Soviets.
In 1988, while in Afghanistan, bin Laden founded a group called al-Qaeda. (Al-Qaeda is an Arabic phrase that means “the Base”.) Bin Laden wanted al-Qaeda to lead a jihad (holy war) against all nations that he considered to be against Islam.
In 1989, the Soviets left Afghanistan. Bin Laden returned to live in Saudi Arabia. Then in 1991, the United States led a war against the Muslim country of Iraq. During that war, the United States based troops in Saudi Arabia. Now bin Laden declared that the United States was the main enemy of Islam.
BIN LADEN AND TERRORISM
In 1992, bin Laden moved to Sudan, an African country ruled by Muslims. From there, he began to direct terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda. In a terrorist attack, individuals or small groups hurt or kill ordinary people. They do this to create fear among their enemies.
Bin Laden was accused of planning several big terrorist attacks over the next eight years. In 1993, a bomb damaged the World Trade Center in New York City. In 1996, terrorists blew up an apartment building in Saudi Arabia, where many Americans lived. In 1998, two U.S. embassies in Africa were bombed, killing hundreds of people. In 2000, an attack on the U.S. Navy ship Cole killed 17 sailors.
TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICAN SOIL
Then came al-Qaeda’s biggest terrorist attack of all. On September 11, 2001, a group of men hijacked four airplanes. They flew two of them into the twin towers of the World Trade Center. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. Another crashed in Pennsylvania. The attacks killed about 3,000 people.
The United States struck back by bombing Afghanistan. That’s where bin Laden was hiding as a guest of the country’s ruling group. The bombing forced this group, the Taliban, to flee. But bin Laden was not found.

Osama bin Laden inherited great wealth from his family. A follower of the religion of Islam, bin Laden used his fortune to wage war against countries he saw as enemies of the Islamic religion.

Premier League Features For Yesterday

Manchester 3 - Sunderland 0
Leicester City 2 - Arsenal 5
Tottenham 4 - Man City 1
Newcastle 2 - Chealsea 2

Spain: Liga BBVA
Barcelona 2 - Las Palmas 1
Real Madrid 0 - Malaga 0
Villarreal 1 - Atletico Madrid 0

Germany: Bundesliga
Mainz 05 0 - Bayern Munich 3

France: Ligue 1
Nantes 1 - Paint Saint German 4